Like many readers, I still vividly recall when Nokia was the dominant player in mobile phones, with over 40 percent of the market, and Apple was just a computer company. I remember when Amazon was known only for books, and when dirty taxis or high-priced limousines where the only alternative to public transport or my own car. And I recall when Four Seasons, Ritz-Carlton and St Regis competed with one another, not with Airbnb.

Now, I may be old, but I am not that old. These changes happened recently, and fast. How did they occur? Will the pace of change remain so rapid – or even accelerate further? And how should companies respond?

Companies should modernise core competencies by benchmarking beyond the narrow confines of their industry

An industry can be transformed by top-down economic, financial, political and regulatory changes. But companies like Airbnb, Amazon, Apple and Uber exemplify a different kind of transformation; agile players invade other, seemingly unrelated industries and brilliantly exploit huge but previously unseen opportunities. Importantly and counter-intuitively, doing so serves their own core competencies, rather than those of the industry that they seek to disrupt.

Indeed, rather than using existing approaches and processes to compete, these entrants created radical new game plans, rewriting the target industry’s rules. Their creativity and passion enabled them to subdue – and in some cases even destroy – less adaptable giants remarkably quickly.

Central to these companies’ success has been their understanding of a fundamental trend affecting nearly all industries: individual empowerment through the internet, app technology, digitalisation, and social media. Most traditional companies, meanwhile, remain focused on their macro environment, at the expense of responding adequately to the new micro-level forces in play.

The need to adapt
If existing companies hope to compete in this new environment, shaped by both top-down and bottom-up forces, they will to have to adapt, pre-empting disruptive new players by figuring out how to disrupt themselves. Otherwise, they could face a fate similar to Nokia, which was disintermediated by one tech company (Apple) and acquired by another (Microsoft).

In this effort, companies must recognise that both demand and supply factors are or will be driving the transformation of their competitive landscapes. On the demand side, consumers expect a lot more from the products and services they use. They want speed, productivity and convenience. They want easy connectivity and expanded scope for customisation. And, as the success of ratings and review services like TripAdvisor shows, they want to be more engaged, with companies responding faster to their feedback with real improvements.

On the supply side, technological advances are toppling long-standing entry barriers. The online car service Uber adapted existing technologies to transform a long-sheltered industry that too often provided lousy and expensive service. Airbnb’s ‘supply’ of rooms far exceeds anything to which traditional hotels could reasonably aspire.

An existing company would have to be highly specialised, well-protected, or foolish to ignore these disruptions. But, while some well-established companies in traditional industries are already looking for ways to adapt, others still need to do a lot more.

Localised progress
One traditional industry in which progress is being made is the automotive branch, where companies are pursuing digitalisation. Though new entrants could undoubtedly disrupt incumbents’ production platforms – Elon Musk’s Tesla Motors is a clear example – they are rare. These days, the more pervasive competitive threat comes from companies in other domains that can erode the customer value proposition after the car is sold.

Automotive companies are recognising that, over time, the digital experience in the cars they produce will command a larger share of the consumer surplus, owing largely to the potential for substantial profit margins and economies of scale. As a result, they are adapting their vehicles to the new sharing economy, helping people to remain well-connected in the car, expanding the scope of after-sale services, and preparing for the shift away from individual car ownership toward car sharing.

Banks are also adapting, but much more slowly and hesitantly. If they are to make progress, they must move beyond simply providing apps and online banking. Their aim should be holistic engagement of clients, who seek not only convenience and security, but also more control over their financial destiny.

Four steps to disruption
In these and many other industries, the competitive landscape is undoubtedly becoming more complicated and unpredictable. But four general guidelines can help managers effectively adapt their mindsets and business models to facilitate orderly and constructive self-disruption.

First, companies should modernise core competencies by benchmarking beyond the narrow confines of their industry. Second, they should increase their focus on customers, including by soliciting and responding to feedback in an engaging way. Third, managers should recognise the value of the data collected in their companies’ everyday operations, and ensure that it is managed intelligently and securely. Finally, the micro-level forces that have the potential to drive segment-wide transformations should be internalised at every level of the company.

Companies that apply these guidelines stand a better chance of adapting to what is driving today’s rapid reconfiguration of entire industries. The bottom line, once again, is supply and demand. More than ever, people want – indeed, expect – cheaper, smarter, safer, and more efficient tools to live a more self-directed life. Companies that fail to deliver will find that their days are numbered.

© Project Syndicate, 2015